3p56d.md (2110B)
1 Pleasure and pain, and consequently the emotions 2 compounded thereof, or derived therefrom, are passions, or 3 passive states (III. xi. note); now we are necessarily passive 4 (III. i.), in so far as we have inadequate ideas; and only in so 5 far as we have such ideas are we passive (III. iii.); that is, 6 we are only necessarily passive (II. xl. note), in so far as we 7 conceive, or (II. xvii. and note) in so far as we are affected by 8 an emotion, which involves the nature of our own body, and the 9 nature of an external body. Wherefore the nature of every 10 passive state must necessarily be so explained, that the nature 11 of the object whereby we are affected be expressed. Namely, the 12 pleasure, which arises from, say, the object A, involves the 13 nature of that object A, and the pleasure, which arises from the 14 object B, involves the nature of the object B; wherefore these 15 two pleasurable emotions are by nature different, inasmuch as the 16 causes whence they arise are by nature different. So again the 17 emotion of pain, which arises from one object, is by nature 18 different from the pain arising from another object, and, 19 similarly, in the case of love, hatred, hope, fear, vacillation, 20 &c. 21 22 Thus, there are necessarily as many kinds of pleasure, pain, 23 love, hatred, &c., as there are kinds of objects whereby we are 24 affected. Now desire is each man's essence or nature, in so far 25 as it is conceived as determined to a particular action by any 26 given modification of itself (III. ix. note); therefore, 27 according as a man is affected through external causes by this or 28 that kind of pleasure, pain, love, hatred, &c., in other words, 29 according as his nature is disposed in this or that manner, so 30 will his desire be of one kind or another, and the nature of one 31 desire must necessarily differ from the nature of another desire, 32 as widely as the emotions differ, wherefrom each desire arose. 33 Thus there are as many kinds of desire, as there are kinds of 34 pleasure, pain, love, &c., consequently (by what has been shown) 35 there are as many kinds of desire, as there are kinds of objects 36 whereby we are affected. Q.E.D. 37 38